Roles and Responsibilities of Government, NGOs and Volunteer Essay

Jobs and Responsibilities of Government, NGOs and Volunteer Organizations. M2S - Essay Example Hazard administration limits requires gradual decentralization combined with clear commands, frameworks of subsidiarity, and financial plans to advance proprietorship just as hazard administration improvement at all levels (GAR, 2011). Wellbeing. Solid wellbeing administrations and great wellbeing are indispensable in decrease of disasters’ dangers. Government must give powerful wellbeing frameworks to supporting people accordingly and recuperation from catastrophes and shielding them from the fiasco related dangers. Consequently, government must organize crisis readiness, hazard decrease, and arranging in wellbeing part (Merlin, 2004). Ecological and transportation: Governments must guarantee helpless zones are solid and steady through such activities as development of dams and waste frameworks in flood-inclined zones. Such regions should likewise have solid foundation framework to help accordingly towards debacle (Merlin, 2004). Impacts of Government Roles and Responsibilities on NGOs and Volunteer Organization. When the administration meets its jobs and obligations in a debacle readiness and the executives, the NGOs and deliberate associations, which come in to help, will have a less complex undertaking as they will utilize the effectively settled systems in their salvage missions. Worldwide Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (GAR). (2011). Changing Risk Governance, recovered on March 22, 2012 from:

Leadership in Business Skills - Performing

Question: Talk about the Leadership in Business for Skills, Performing. Answer: Presentation: At the point when it comes performing administration aptitudes practically speaking, Indra Nooyis majority rule and maternal style of authority examines three significant parts of initiative. Right off the bat, tuning in to suppositions and thinking about them, also, fulfilling workers needs as that is the key viewpoint for an association to work with wide client base. Thirdly, settling on significant choices that just agree to associations goals yet in addition with the administrations point of view. The equitable administration style followed by Indra Nooyi features the point of view of consistency and ampleness in an association which are not the same as the places of power rather it is according to the exhibition of three capacities that is dispersing duty among the colleagues, engaging gathering individuals just as taking choices (Kaluarachchi 2012). Then again, with regards to maternal initiative, the authority is essentially centered around upgrading care, persistence, steadiness and flexibility (Vitullo 2014). Nonetheless, Indra Nooyi has followed a blend of two styles so as to make new types of generativity with the goal that it could cultivate inspiration, support just as participation to accomplish hierarchical greatness (Day and Antonakis 2013). Indra Nooyis mingled alluring style of authority has been embraced dependent on not many focuses. Right off the bat, this administration selects to think about an individual in any situation. Also, the perfect execution with reason features the monetary accomplishment just as social obligation of the association. Thirdly, she accepts to put resources into relational abilities since it comprises to be one stage that improves authority. Then again, the essential rule traces is the workers needs while rousing and propelling them simultaneously (Enactus Career Connections 2014). The style contemplates the valuable estimates that can be received comparable to society to keep up ecological supportability. In addition, the style significantly mirrors the social business course to the organization while fulfilling workers with low representative turnover. Alternately, the adaptability approach is embraced in the business to continue and decipher dreams with solid activities into the real world. This idea is a piece of transformational authority where pioneers like Nooyi rouse the representatives to follow the perfect figures. Despite the fact that, it depends on worker point of view however its profound attached qualities is to be reliable with authoritative change activities. Be that as it may, this style will help in soaking up new qualities in the staff (Groves 2014). Indra Nooyi followed her 5Cs model of authority, which goes with competency, fortitude, certainty, relational abilities and compass. The Iron Lady of PepsiCo enrolls those solid relational abilities gives certainty for open steadiness as well as constructs a solid procedure that encourages her discussion to workers of PepsiCo on a week by week premise. Then again, relationship working with the representatives encourages her to follow both her administration styles. Despite the fact that, relationship building isn't a piece of 5Cs authority however it without a doubt is one of Nooyis qualities. Moral compass is an attribute that she attempts dependent on moral codes in light of the fact that as indicated by all her associations owes to society care. In addition, it is significant for any association to help society in taking care of issues just as arriving at the ideal objectives (Center for Work Life 2014). References Community for Work Life. 2014.Leadership Qualities of Indra Nooyi, administration models. Accessible at: https://www.centerforworklife.com/authority characteristics indra-nooyi/[Accessed 18 Aug. 2016]. Day, D.V. what's more, Antonakis, J., 2013. The eventual fate of leadership.The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of the brain research of authority, change, and hierarchical turn of events, pp.221-235. Enactus Career Connections. 2014.Indra Nooyi's Leadership Lessons: Head, Heart Hands. Accessible at: https://www.enactuscareerconnections.com/indra-nooyis-initiative exercises head-heart-hands/[Accessed 18 Aug. 2016]. Forests, K.S., 2014. Inspecting leaderfollower coinciding of social obligation esteems in transformational leadership.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,21(3), pp.227-243. Kaluarachchi, K.A.S.P., 2012. The job of equitable administration correspondence towards authoritative execution: The contextual investigation of a Sri Lankan open emergency clinic. InAnnual research Symposium 2012, University of Colombo. Vitullo, A. 2014.A maternal authority. Maternityasamaster.com. Accessible at: https://maternityasamaster.com/en/a-maternal-administration/[Accessed 18 Aug. 2016].

Modern Trading Culture Essay Example for Free

Present day Trading Culture Essay With expanding rivalry ordinarily in the purchaser advertise, the world has moved towards present day exchanging ideas. The cutting edge exchanging idea has two significant targets; to give the fundamental necessities under one rooftop. Besides, the client ought to have the option to contact the items face to face. Metro and Macro are the instances of present day exchanging stores. The systems and execution of present day exchange different nations is diverse as looked at withPakistanbecause of the nearby exchanging society. Modernization of Trading Systems As indicated by an exploration, retail advertises will in general modernize from to a great extent conventional exchanging strategies to current exchanging methods. As business sectors modernize, the portion of conventional exchange as a level of complete exchange decreases gradually; providers, be that as it may, will ceaselessly need to change the measure of assets designated to deal with the customary exchange versus the advanced exchange. Keen providers deal with this exercise in careful control by precisely following (and frequently foreseeing) the pace at which key advances or market development shifts are probably going to happen. Three larger variables influence the speed and nature of market change. They incorporate (1) shopper patterns and buying practices in the market; (2) factors identified with present day retail combination (Also called focal purchasing, a methodology in chain stores whereby all buying is done through a focal or primary office); and (3) problematic factors, for example, the economy, exceptional premiums, and government guideline and so forth. InPakistanthere are various makers for different items. The ordinary dissemination channel is that the makers utilize their own merchants just as autonomous wholesalers in the market, who buy items from the processing plant and afterward convey to the retailers and the wholesalers. Then again, a few retailers get items straightforwardly from the merchants while some are buying from the wholesalers. Enormous urban areas have a huge number of outlets in the market for staple things. On the off chance that we just take the case of twin urban areas ofPakistan, there are around 3,000 staple outlets including the little shops inIslamabadand inRawalpindithere are around 15,000 outlets. It is unthinkable for the maker to arrive at every single outlet so they need wholesalers to make the items accessible to the outlets. Indeed, even the merchants now and again can't arrive at all of the outlets, so there are wholesalers in the business sectors who purchase the items in mass from wholesalers or makers. They are situated in specific areas where the retailers purchase the items from the wholesalers. Toward the day's end, everything relies upon the connections of the retailer; on the off chance that he has great connection with the merchants and can purchase the items on layaway from him and even return the unsold items, or he could purchase similar items from a distributer like an end buyer. We can say that the business sectors in Pakistan are separated into 2 classifications as for retailers; first are the individuals who are getting the items from merchants and second are the individuals who are purchasing the items from wholesalers. Merchants flexibly the item at the retailer’s shop yet retailer needs to go to distributer to buy an item. These purchaser patterns, retail solidifications, and troublesome factors vigorously impact retailers’ development methodologies just as the organizations they are well on the way to create to support development over the long haul. As business sectors develop, retailers alter their arrangements and operational techniques to take into account varying customer needs and drifts and along these lines amplify retailers’ reach in an advancing business sector. Points of interest and Disadvantages There are various points of interest of present day exchanging framework. There are 3 sorts of customers who come to present day exchanging stores like Metro or Macro; 1) end clients, 2) brokers and 3) hoteliers. The arrangement of present day exchange impacts the merchant business since retailers are currently going legitimately to these stores and are buying items themselves at lesser costs. Present day exchange is decreasing the quantity of dispersion channels from the production line to the retail shop. This deduction of circulation channel expands the net revenues of both the maker and the retailer. It is an advantageous option for the end clients to buy house hold things from one spot at a lesser expense. The burdens of current exchange is that it is unfavorably influencing the matter of autonomous merchants since the producer is giving various costs to the wholesalers and the cutting edge exchanging stores .Margins of wholesalers have diminished and they are likewise loosing a portion of their customers as certain retailers want to purchase items legitimately from these advanced stores as opposed to wholesalers. Another weakness of current exchange inPakistanis that it has befuddled the end client by offering 3 distinct costs for a similar item in the market. Those 3 valuing regions are retail shops, wholesalers and the huge stores. This generally makes questions about the nature of the items due to the value varieties. Hesitance in Modern Trading A portion of the makers are currently ready to go into present day exchanging framework yet it additionally shifts from producer to producer. On the off chance that an organization has a solid situating of their items in retail outlets of a city, they would likewise sell their items in a major store. Be that as it may, then again, if an organization has frail situating in the retail outlets, they would falter to sell their items in the advanced exchanging stores. The merchants get fix level of benefit from the producer to offer their items to the retailers or wholesalers. Indian Market On the off chance that we take the case of India, where customer patterns are a lot of like our own and have been the best influencer in constraining present day exchange to create. A huge segment progress is currently in progress with a huge, youthful, working populace (middle age of 24); progressively family units in urban territories; an expansion in the quantity of working ladies; and rising open doors in the administration area. Urbanization, higher family unit discretionary cashflow, and comfort one-quit shopping are different components that are energizing this advanced exchange development. Retail combination will gradually help drive present day exchange development too. It is evaluated that the Indian retail industry was worth about USD286 billion toward the finish of 2004; yet India stays one of the most divided retail parts on the planet with just 2% of all out deals getting from the cutting edge exchange. As that occurs, India is probably going to see a huge pattern toward present day exchange as retailers put resources into information, innovation, and framework to abuse and raise potential development. Troublesome factors especially government guideline are obviously the key â€Å"reason† remote players have not had a compelling influence in activating retail combination in India. In any case, there is nobody way to modernization; markets are not subject to worldwide retailers as impetuses for modernization. Anyway there are numerous business sectors where worldwide retailers go about as key impetuses, and, truth be told, catch the lion’s portion of the cutting edge exchange. To understandIndia’s potential future, it is helpful to take a gander at instances of three market types, and why they’ve modernized the manner in which they did: †¢ Markets that have developed the advanced exchange through worldwide players entering the market; †¢ Markets that have developed through a half and half of worldwide and neighborhood players; and †¢ Markets that have modernized driven essentially by neighborhood retailers. Government Policies The administration arrangements assume a significant job in executing present day exchanging framework a district. InIndia, there are a few regions where the legislature has not permitted present day exchange stores to work. Thus, inPakistanif the current merchants are hesitant of the passageway of present day exchange stores like Metro the administration has the position to force limitations on such stores. By the by, these sorts of stores are gainful for the Government as they give fixed General Sales Tax (GST) and furthermore are an outside interest in the nation. The Core Capabilities Required for Growth A center takeaway from contemplating market advancement is that, whether or not the retailer driving the cutting edge exchange is worldwide or neighborhood, the capacities they have to do that are to a great extent the equivalent! Notwithstanding the general administration, an incredible modernizing retailer will require capacities in six center zones to win in the evolving condition. Account A retailer is best served having a working model with two key money related standards: †¢ Generates enough income to support its development; and †¢ Remains generally low obligation. Retail is a repeating and moderately low edge business. Significant levels of obligation and intrigue incredibly hinder a retailer in development mode and can make running the activity troublesome. Most extraordinary retailers remain moderately minimalistically financed. Activities The retailer can deal with the multifaceted nature of getting stock from industrial facility to retire. Indian aggregate Reliance Industries Ltd. is meaning to get to this state through incorporation of a whole flexibly affix from ranch to store, especially with staple food products. Numerous incredible neighborhood retailers (e.g., HEB and Publix, twoUSregional basic food item chains, and 7-11 inJapan) upgrade their market position through a top tier flexibly chain, which gives them a noteworthy upper hand in speed and store conditions. Brand Brand is about an applicable and persuasive association with the customer. It is basic for retailers to have an efficient comprehension of their customers and have the option to execute, both all through the store, in view of that information. Likewise, the capacity to tailor an arrangement of configurations to meet distinctive customer/shopper needs is exceptionally useful particularly in geologically, socially, and monetarily various markets like India. Pantaloon is on

Kant and the Categorical Imperative Essay Example for Free

Kant and the Categorical Imperative Essay The chance of the presence of good and bad has been a topic of conversation among rationalists for a considerable length of time and numerous speculations have been introduced to address the subject of whether ethics exist. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), the incomparable German scholar is one who has contributed significantly to the universe of theory and particularly with respect to his idea regarding the matter of ethical quality. Kant couldn't help contradicting Hume that profound quality is objective and not emotional. Kant needed to propose an unadulterated good way of thinking, one of outright need and free of every human inclination, provided that it not really, it won't be supreme and authoritative upon each individual. The motivation behind profound quality is to influence our conduct and that it is reason that makes people moral and not emotions or inclinations. We will investigate a portion of the from the earlier establishments of profound quality giving exceptional consideration to Kants downright objective and what precisely this was intended to comprehend in moral hypothesis. To have moral worth, a demonstration must be done for the sake of ones obligation, the ethical worth of this demonstration is taken from the guideline from which its decided, not from what it expects to achieve and that obligation is essential when one is carrying on of regard for the law. A businessperson giving the purchaser the perfect measure of progress in light of the fact that the law states one must not take, this is a case of a legitimate activity since rules are being followed yet for an inappropriate reasons. A retailer restoring the right measure of progress since it has a place with the client is a case of an ethical activity in light of the fact that the activity is being accomplished for the correct reasons. Kant embraces the perspective on profound quality as an unrestricted should, rather than a contingent should By this he implies that one ought to play out a demonstration without contemplations of the benefits that that demonstration may create, in correlation with acting all together for another thing to occur. This infers demonstrations that are good are those that are managed without being accomplished for the legitimacy or prize that they may bring to the individual. Kant asserted that ethical conduct doesn't ensure the achievement of bliss; rather that positive attitude is significant for really meriting satisfaction. Nothing in the worldindeed nothing even past the worldcan potentially be considered which could be called acceptable without capability aside from a cooperative attitude (Kant 1964 p. 27). By the positive attitude Kant implies that a cooperative attitude isn't acceptable in light of the fact that what it performs or what it impacts however that it is essentially acceptable in itself. The cooperative attitude is the will which carries on of regard for the ethical law and from opportunity, yet activities, for example, these, whenever roused by narrow minded or enthusiastic components, will at that point have no ethical worth. There is a lot of pressure set on the aim behind the demonstration, think about offering cash to foundation for assisting, with no requirement for any sense of self satisfaction or such self-filling needs, this is an example of positive attitude. Kants most notable commitment to moral conversation is the absolute objective. There are three key recommendations that structure the premise of Kants morals. They are: act just on that saying (standard) through which you can simultaneously will that it should turn into an all inclusive law, act such that you never treat humankind as a necessary chore and that you go about as though you were an official individual from a realm of closures. These three standards structure the all out objective. For Kant the wellspring of good legitimization is the straight out goal. It presents a technique to decide if a demonstration might be viewed as ethically right. A basic is either all out or speculative. Kant composes, If now the activity is acceptable just as a way to something different, at that point the basic is theoretical; in the event that it is imagined as acceptable in itself and thusly as being fundamentally the guideline of a will which of itself complies with reason, at that point it is straight out . . . . (Kant 1989 p. 31) As people we as a whole have abstract motivations wants and tendencies that may repudiate the directs of reason. These wants, regardless of whether they are material items or satisfy us in a sexual or mental manner, may in reality repudiate the directs of reason. Along these lines we experience the case of reason as an objective, an order to act with a specific goal in mind. Kant sees an individual to be most free when they can conquer their enticements and it is this opportunity that encourages us understand profound quality. The absolute basic underscores the methods for finishing an activity and places small importance on the final product of an activity, while the theoretical basic places a lot of accentuation on the final product of an activity. It is a basic since it directs what we ought to do, ignoring our wants. As sound creatures we are guided through life by laws and standards, as a basic which essentially arranges us you should do this paying little mind to any wants which we may have. Speculative goals concern us in the event that we have a specific want, go to college in the event that you need to turn into a rationalist. A demonstration becomes basic when it should be applied to everybody, subsequently the fundamental proclamation of the all out basic being to act just on sayings that you could will to become all inclusive laws of human instinct (Kant). An unmitigated basic would order you to do X in light of the fact that X is naturally right, that is, directly all by itself, beside some other considerationsno uncertainties, no conditions, no hidden obligations . . . an unmitigated basic is unqualified (no uncertainties) and free of any things, conditions, objectives, or wants. It is thus that lone a downright basic can be a widespread and restricting law, that is, an ethical law, legitimate for every levelheaded being consistently. (Mill operator 1984 p. 462) Immorality at that point is make exemptions for ourselves by acting just on proverbs that we can't universalize out of our own will. It is the individuals who act in such a manner and afterward anticipate that others should act distinctive to our way, who are corrupt. The straight out basic goes about as an equation for all inclusive law; by expressing the essentials that a demonstration must be viewed as good, it presents an examination for individuals to have the option to check whether they are acting ethically, this being to act just on rules that you could will to become widespread laws by which all who wish to act ethically should agree to. It decides if any demonstration is correct or wrong, so to do the inverse would be conflicting and this would then be a demonstration that isn't ethically right. A model that Kant advances in Good Will, Duty, and the Categorical Imperative, (1989) to portray this is of a man who is in extraordinary hopelessness and considering self destruction. By ending his own life he would universalize the rule that so as to cherish himself he should take his life (by doing this he is attempting to improve his life by completion the gloom he is feeling). Slaughtering himself would in actuality do nothing to improve his life since he would have no life by any stretch of the imagination! So you perceive how these opposing demonstrations subvert those that might be delegated ethically right. In spite of the fact that Kants unmitigated basic has been generally perused and acknowledged by some it has had analysis. A few logicians have thought of it as absolutist, being excessively highly contrasting. Be that as it may, when considering mankind and society in which we dwell, seeing profound quality as indicated by the all out basic permits a standard guideline for everybody to follow. On the off chance that it was okay for certain individuals to take and not others this we were unable to call a good and reasonable society. There should be a standard or correlation so what acts are correct and what aren't right might be separated from one another and an inappropriate demonstrations at that point managed as needs be. Some have asked how just an activity which one wanted to do would ever have any ethical worth. This to me doesn't appear to be what is attempting to be communicated in Kantian morals. It isn't the longing essentially that makes a demonstration unethical, I think it appears that it is more the reality of this craving being the explanation the demonstration is directed in any case. In the event that the demonstration is done to satisfy an individual want or accomplish what one wants, at that point the demonstration is improper, however in the event that the demonstration is accomplished to benefit the demonstration in itself, for instance giving cash to a shelter since one wants to help, at that point this is still what Kant would view as an ethically right act. In spite of the fact that Kantianism has profoundly affected a few people, delivering numerous elaborations, interpretations and thought, for some it isn't practical once positioned all together. Kant had some significant thoughts yet taking a gander at society tody I would think he was unquestionably on the correct idea design. Society and we as people, with our motivations whether positive or negative, need an explained morals to follow to enable us to isolate what might be viewed as good and bad from an ethical perspective, and it must be reasonable and the equivalent for everybody, this is the thing that Kants absolute basic has done by making a widespread law or general guideline for profound quality. References: Kant, I. 1989 Good Will, Duty, and the Categorical Imperative. ed. Serafini, A. Morals and Social Concern, the straight out objective. New York: Paragon House Publishers Kant, I. 1964 Groundwork and the Metaphysics of Morals, ed. Herbert J. Paton, New York: HarperCollins. Mill operator, Ed. L. 1984 Questions that Matter: An Invitation to Philosophy, third ed. Colorado: McGraw-Hill, Inc. http://sguthrie. net/kant. htm (got to on 12/10/04).

Pencils Are Better Than Pens - Debate free essay sample

Pencils are better than Pens Ladies and courteous fellows, When you do battle you need to be set up with the correct weapons. Having an inappropriate ones can constrain you achievement and weaken your abilities. Isn’t this a similar case for composing a paper? At the point when you plunk down to compose a paper you need to make your thoughts stream, to have the option to eradicate bogus ones, and remain centered; pencils empower you to do those things more successfully than pens. Pencils have erasers to fix every one of your errors, they’re 100% natural, and as opposed to pens, which can be untidy, pencils are flawless and durable. At the point when you are composing, you commit errors constantly. You compose words messily, you spell them wrong, and you stir up the request for what you are attempting to state. On the off chance that you are composing with a pen you need to write out those incorrectly spelled words or attract bolts to where you need things to be. We will compose a custom paper test on Pencils Are Better Than Pens Debate or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page When you’re done, it would appear that a paper in confusion. In the event that you compose with a pencil you don’t need to do any of that. You can delete the entirety of your incorrectly spelled words, and perfectly move sentences to any place you need. When you’re completed your paper looks impeccable. It has no chaotic scrawls or long confounding bolts, everything is correctly how you need it to be. Obviously researchers have made an erasable pen, however it doesn’t fill in just as pencils. Erasable pens can eradicate, however they regularly leave streaks or smircesh on the page. You additionally can’t simply utilize any eraser on it, it must be an extraordinary eraser that costs in excess of a standard pencil eraser. Pencils are significantly more full of feeling at deleting and keeping papers mess free. Furthermore, pencils are 100 percent natural. They are comprised of cedar, graphite, and metal. Which are for the most part natural substances. Pens are comprised of plastic and ink. Ink is comprised of oil, which is unsafe to the earth. Plastic isn't natural, and contaminates the earth. Additionally on the off chance that you break a pen fifty-fifty, it is for all time broken, and turns out to be inconceivably untidy. When they are split they wind up escaping, and produce more rubbish. At the point when a pencil is broken fifty-fifty. You should simply hone it, and you have two pencils! This at that point lessens the measure of squandered materials. In view of that, pens are a lot messier than pencils. Pencils can’t compose n you or different articles other than paper. In any case, pens then again can compose on practically any surface. In any event, when you compose, you can smirch it all over your page when its not dry, it gets all over your hands, and it’s difficult to get off of your skin. When your skin retains the ink it can give you ink harming. Be that as it may, pencils can’t harm you, or do anything for all time unsafe to you, and they are sans mess. Ultimately, pencils are a valuable and dependable utensil. As per Dixon Ticonderoga Pencil Company, pencils can draw a line 35 miles in length. Furthermore, as per bicworld. com pens can draw a line 1. 24 miles in length. Utilizing one pencil is the proportionate to utilizing 28 pens. One natural pencil disposes of substantially more waste than 28 pens do. Taking everything into account, pencils are the prime utensil for composing a paper. Pencils have erasers to delete every one of your errors. They are 100 percent natural, and not at all like pens they are flawless and durable. You dont need to disable your aptitudes nor limit your prosperity, so when you plunk down to compose a paper, make sure to utilize the better composing utensil, the pencil. Much obliged to you.

Sample on Health Problems in the USA

Sample on Health Problems in the USA Health Problems in the USA Dec 20, 2018 in Healthcare Three Health Problems that Pose the Greatest Threat to the U.S. Health is the normal physiological functioning of all organs and systems of the body, both under normal conditions and in the period of physical and mental exertion. Physical health means normal operation of healthy tissues and organs and the natural absence of pain. However, despite the attention paid to the health by modern society, the scopes of problem development are terrifying. The point is that with the development of human society the diseases and illnesses, both mental and physical, develop as well. The current state of disease distribution and development rate show that despite the rise in medical technologies, the health of human beings is accompanied by various health problems to the greater extent every day. The United States of America, as one of the biggest and most developed countries in the world, faces a considerable number of various health threats. The statistic data and research allow one to predict what health problems pose the greatest threats to the United Sta tes society and, thus, find solutions to these problems. Food and Diet Food is one of the important conditions of human existence. Modern food problem comprises both the quality of food eaten by the American society and their diet. Since the nutrition is a vital necessity of a human being, its violation due to different reasons poses a great threat to the health. The most common food eaten by an ordinary American is a hamburger, French fries, and potato chips (Holben, 2010). It is widely known that this food contains a lot of fat and carbohydrates, leading to the obesity problem. Obesity, in its turn, leads to more severe health problems, the most common of which is heart failure (Holben, 2010). The number of obese and overweight people in America grows every day. Due to the speed of modern American life, especially in large cities, people pay less attention to what they eat; the most important thing is the speed of eating. Thus, fast food becomes the most suitable solution.

How to Answer New SAT Graph and Chart Questions on Writing

The New SAT puts more emphasis on visual information, infographics such as charts and graphs, than before. While older versions of the exam included geometric figures, charts and tables in the Math section, visual depictions of information now appear in every single section of the exam. So far, we’ve looked at how to answer infographic questions in How To Answer Graph and Chart Questions In New SAT Math and How To Answer Graph And Chart Questions In New SAT Reading for the New SAT. Next up, we’ll look at graphs and charts as it they’re used in the New SAT’s Writing and Language Section. In New SAT Writing and Language, you don’t need to deeply analyze charts graphs and tables the way you might in Reading or Math. You only need to identify and understand the basic facts on the graph or chart. The real task is carefully comparing the data in the chart to writing in the passage itself, identifying errors and contradictions between the image and the passage itself. You’ll be asked to check for two kinds of errors between passage and graphic: factual contradictions, and lack of relevance. Here is a factual contradiction question similar to one you might see in New Sat Writing and Language: The online retailer Amazon.com saw steady increases in revenue on an annual basis between 2009 and 2013. However, within any given year revenues were dramatically higher in the fourth quarter compared to other quarters, with quarterly revenue spiking as high as $17,092 million dollars in the fourth quarter of 2012. Photo by  inf6107.wikispaces Practice SAT Writing Question: Which choice most accurately and effectively represents the information in the graph? A) NO CHANGE B) down to 41 million dollars in the fourth quarter of 2012 C) to more than 20 million dollars in the fourth quarter of 2012 D) to more than 20 million dollars in the fourth quarter of 2012 and beyond Answering a Writing and Language question like this one is fairly simple. Answer (C) is correct, because it’s the only choice that’s actually reflected in the infographic. All other answer choices are incorrect and could only result from a careless misreading of Amazon.com’s revenue charts. (A) is the figure from the third quarter of 2013, not the fourth quarter of 2012. (B) is a figure for net income rather than quarterly revenue. (D) mischaracterizes the 20 million figure by incorrectly suggesting the quarterly revenue never dropped below 20 million after 2012. Now, let’s look at a sample question that focuses on both accuracy and relevance, using the same graphic: Part of Amazon’s business success relies on their ability to anticipate low sales periods and minimize financial risk during those times. Fortunately, Amazon’s customers have predictable peaks and lows in their spending habits. Each year from 2009 to 2012 showed a net gain in sales regardless of these peaks and lows. Amazon’s board of directors takes prudent measures to insulate the company against potential financial troubles during each year’s less profitable quarters. Practice SAT Writing Question 2: At this point, the writer wants to add specific information that supports the main topic of the paragraph. Which choice most effectively completes the sentence with relevant and accurate information, based on the graph above? A) NO CHANGE B) The third and fourth quarters of each year consistently demonstrate sluggish sales and a marked drop in revenue. C) The third quarter always sees a slight rise in revenue, but third quarter sales are lackluster in comparison to the annual fourth quarter high point. D) The first and second quarters are always marked by low revenue and low sales volume, and the all-time annual low usually occurs in the second quarter of each year. Here, the answer is (D). Answers (A) and (C) accurately reflect the infographic, but are not relevant to the paragraph’s main focus on the quarters that being in the lowest revenues each year. Answer (B) interprets the sales chart incorrectly, sales and revenue actually pick up in the third and fourth quarters of each year on the chart. The Takeaway The key to success in New SAT Writing graph and chart questions is careful reading for details. As long as you can understand what is being directly stated in the infographic and accompanying passage, you’ll be able to answer visual-related questions correctly. Just look for the facts, and make sure that all facts match up to the visuals, tone and answer choices.

A Brief Note On The Postpartum Depression ( Ppd )

Summary of Study Sword, Busser, Ganann, McMillan, Swinton (2008) questioned women’s experiences in regards to seeking care for probable postpartum depression (PPD) following a referral from the visiting public health nurse. Questions the researchers sought to answer included the woman’s response for a referral, factors that hindered or facilitated seeking care, the experience of seeking care, and responses to the interventions. The study uses a qualitative descriptive design the â€Å"method of choice for describing phenomena.† The study sample consisted of new mothers (n=18) discovered through the Healthy Babies, Healthy Children initiative who accepted a visit from the public health nurse. The researchers utilized telephone interviews four weeks after a PPD screening. The broad range of questions within the interviews was 40-50 minutes in length. The aim was to understand the feelings of women surrounding a referral for PPD and their experiences when seeking care. Each woman filled out a questionnaire in order to obtain demographic information. NVivo, the qualitative data software program, provided analysis of the data leading to a sound description of a woman’s experience seeking care after a PPD referral. Appraisal To validate this study the use of an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), with women scoring 12 or higher indicated probable PPD. The study was accurate and complete as independent coders analyzed the interviews while the review team discussedShow MoreRelatedChildhood Illness : A Look At Postpartum Depression1538 Words   |  7 PagesMaternal Mental illness: A look at Postpartum Depression, its new inclusion into DSM-5, and treatment issues Antonella Uribe John Jay College of Criminal Justice INTRODUCTION Sandra was a 26 year old mother of four children who had been married for eight years. She had given birth to her fourth child two months ago, with the help of a midwife. Due to her husband’s recent pay cut, and already difficult financial situation, Sandra did not receive any antenatal or postnatalRead MoreIn-Depth Study of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder2493 Words   |  10 Pagesconditions or any previous history of mental disorders. The time duration between the traumatic event and the decision to seek care is also important. A clinician must also ask for the level of social support received by the patient. It is important to note the sequence of events in chronological order to ensure there are no discrepancies in the story. The patient may be hard to deal with in the initial assessment phase so he or she needs to be made comfortable and should feel safe in the clinical settingRead MoreCause Of The Great Depression : What Reagan Doesn t Know About The 1920s 2098 Words   |  9 Pages This paper will present a brief summary and discussion of the causes of the Great Depression based on Frank Stricker s paper, Causes of the Great Depression: or What Reagan doesn t know about the 1920s. Stricker presents an argument as to what he believes to be the root causes of the Great Depression as they relate to the decade preceding the stock market crash of 1929. This review is intended for undergraduate and graduate students of U.S. American History. Stricker present s several essential

Collaborative Writing Definition and Examples

Collaborative writing involves two or more persons working together to produce a written document. Also  called group writing, it  is a significant component of work in the business world, and many forms of business writing and technical writing depend on the efforts of collaborative writing teams.   Professional interest in collaborative writing, now an important subfield of composition studies, was spurred by the publication in 1990 of Singular Texts/Plural Authors: Perspectives on Collaborative Writing by Lisa Ede and Andrea Lunsford. Observation Collaboration not only draws on the expertise and energy of different people but can also create an outcome that is greater than the sum of its parts. -Rise B. Axelrod and Charles R. Cooper Guidelines for Successful Collaborative Writing Following the ten guidelines below will increase your chances of success when you write in a group. Know the individuals in your group. Establish rapport with your team.Do not regard one person on the team as more important than another.Set up a preliminary meeting to establish guidelines.Agree on the groups organization.Identify each members responsibilities, but allow for individual talents and skills.Establish the time, places, and length of group meetings.Follow an agreed-on timetable, but leave room for flexibility.Provide clear and precise feedback to members.Be an active listener.Use a standard reference guide for matters of style, documentation, and format. Collaborating Online For collaborative writing, there are various tools which you can use, notably the wiki which provides an online shared environment in which you can write, comment or amend the work of others...If you are required to contribute to a wiki, take every opportunity to meet regularly with your collaborators: the more you know the people you collaborate with, the easier it is to work with them... You will also need to discuss how you are going to work as a group. Divide up the jobs...Some individuals could be responsible for drafting, others for commenting, others for seeking relevant resources. -Janet MacDonald and Linda Creanor Different Definitions of Collaborative Writing The meaning of the terms collaboration and collaborative writing are being debated, expanded, and refined; no final decision is in sight. For some critics, such as Stillinger, Ede and Lunsford, and Laird, collaboration is a form of writing together or multiple authorship and refers to acts of writing in which two or more individuals consciously work together to produce a common text...Even if only one person literally writes the text, another person contributing ideas has an effect on the final text that justifies calling both the relationship and the text it produces collaborative. For other critics, such as Masten, London, and myself, collaboration includes these situations and also expands to include acts of writing in which one or even all of the writing subjects may not be aware of other writers, being separated by distance, era, or even death. -Linda K. Karrell Andrea Lunsford on the Benefits of Collaboration [T]he data I amassed mirrored what my students had been telling me for years: . . . their work in groups, their collaboration, was the most important and helpful part of their school experience. Briefly, the data I found all support the following claims: Collaboration aids in problem finding as well as problem-solving.Collaboration aids in learning abstractions.Collaboration aids in transfer and assimilation; it fosters interdisciplinary thinking.Collaboration leads not only to sharper, more critical thinking (students must explain, defend, adapt) but to a deeper understanding of others.Collaboration leads to higher achievement in general.Collaboration promotes excellence. In this regard, I am fond of quoting Hannah Arendt: For excellence, the presence of others is always required.Collaboration engages the whole student and encourages active learning; it combines reading, talking, writing, thinking; it provides practice in both synthetic and analytic skills. Feminist Pedagogy and Collaborative Writing As a pedagogical foundation, collaborative writing was, for the early advocates of feminist pedagogy, a kind of respite from the strictures of the traditional, phallogocentric, authoritarian approaches to teaching...The underlying assumption in collaborative theory is that each individual within the group has an equal opportunity to negotiate a position, but while there is an appearance of equity, the truth is, as David Smit notes, collaborative methods can, in fact, be construed as authoritarian and do not reflect conditions outside the parameters of the controlled environment of the classroom. -Andrea Greenbaum Also Known As: group writing, collaborative authoring Sources Andrea Greenbaum, Emancipatory Movements in Composition: The Rhetoric of Possibility. SUNY Press, 2002Andrea Lunsford, Collaboration, Control, and the Idea of a Writing Center.  The Writing Center Journal, 1991Linda K. Karell, Writing Together, Writing Apart: Collaboration in Western American Literature. Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2002Janet MacDonald and Linda Creanor, Learning With Online and Mobile Technologies: A Student Survival Guide. Gower, 2010Philip C. Kolin, Successful Writing at Work, 8th ed. Houghton Mifflin, 2007Rise B. Axelrod and Charles R. Cooper, The St. Martins Guide to Writing, 9th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2010

Reflective Writing - My Development as a Writer Essay

A Nomad Writer America is a place full of immigrants with no single ethnicity or race. America can also be referred to as the ?Melting Pot? because it consists ingredients of multicultural backgrounds. There are cultures such as French American, Asian American, Italian American and African American. I am Mexican American. My culture has helped me to become the writer I am today. My bicultural background and constant moving back and forth from Mexico to America has both influenced and weakened my writing. Although I was born in America, my Mexican culture has always been a part of my life. I have spent the majority of my life in Mexico, and Spanish is my first†¦show more content†¦My every day routine stayed the same, speaking Spanish in the day and English at night, but my transition was harder due to my poor foundations of the English language. I now had to speak, write, and read in English, when I preferred my native language, Spanish. Immaculate Heart Elementary School provided a tutor to help me read from the textbooks in my third grade class. I had difficulty communicating with the teacher and classmates. I felt embarrassed for not understanding English, and sad knowing that it was hard to speak with my Spanish accent. Even though I was placed in such an unfamiliar and difficult situation, I enjoyed the educational atmosphere. I felt safer in an environment where I had some individual attention. I began to write essays about various social studies related topics such as the 41st President of the United States and the Statue of Liberty. I recall spending a lot of my time thinking about the ideas I should mention in those essays, but I spent even more time trying to get those thoughts on lined paper. I wondered whether I was saying things the correct way. I felt behind compared to the other student in my class. I didn?t know the basics of grammar, like when to use ?is? and not ?are?, when everyone else had mastered that area of study. I struggled thinking in Spani sh andShow MoreRelatedThe English 101 Course1185 Words   |  5 Pagesimprovement of various aspects of my writing. The course has been of significant aid in the comprehension of the English language. The learning of the different methods of writing has provided one with an opportunity to better understand the dynamics of different pieces of writing. The concepts that have been learnt in the course are important in the overall improvement of ones’ mastery of the English language. The ability to come up with accurate and precise pieces of writing provides one with a chanceRead MoreReflective Essay : Reflective Self Essay1406 Words   |  6 Pages Reflective Self-Analysis Essay My first semester as an exchange student, I decided to take a composition 1 class to improve my English skills. Before I came to America, I thought I was advanced in English and I was so confident to speak it. I wasn’t afraid to take this class because of my confidence to get good grades, although I never had written any essays in English ever in my life. On the first day of class, my confidence was crumbled and I could feel that my English skills were weak when IRead MoreEducation Is The First Thing That Can Help Us Improve Our Knowledge And Skills1330 Words   |  6 Pagesthat comes to my mind when I think about knowledge. The role of education is to help us improve our knowledge and skills. I believe that we can pick up knowledge from parents, mentors, school teachers and life experiences, for example, being a mother teaches one to be more thoughtful and empathetic towards others. Knowledge is also imparted to us through various means like, studying the theories of human behaviours I have gained a better understanding of not just my behaviour butRead MoreReflective Essay Using Driscolls Reflective Framework2552 Words   |  10 PagesReflective Essay Using Driscolls Reflective Framework Experience is sometimes regarded as the best teacher. Many things can be learned in a classroom and by formal academic study, but many cannot. Reflective practice is a form approach to learning through experience. Reflective practice is a lifelong learning process to promote continual development of the nurse. Reflective writing practice helps the nurse to gain knowledge and to challenge their own ideas and concepts. The idea of reflective practiceRead MoreFirst Year Students Need Their Fundamental Study Skills to Make the Necessary Adjustments to Achieve Their Successful Journey at University1351 Words   |  6 Pagesbring with me as my scholarship at university, and new skills I must develop. I will use two readings and two lectures as my references to support my thesis and main points. The thesis of my essay is first year students need their fundamental study skills to make the necessary adjustments to achieve their successful journey at university. The main points that will be outlined in this essay are the importance of becoming a critical thinker, verbal skill linked with academic writing and note takingRead MoreWriting As A Process : A Reflective Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesWriting as a Process: A Reflective Essay I’ve always thought of myself as an above average writer. Why wouldn’t I considering the praise I’d get from teachers, professors, parents and friends alike? Consequently, English became one of my favorite subjects. With little effort put forth I received exemplary marks on all my work and easily earned the approval of my English teachers. However, things began to change upon my arrival at the University of Georgia. I took my first college-level English classRead MoreReflective Essay on English Literature Module1184 Words   |  5 PagesReflective Essay It is amazing that my journey as an English: Literature major has almost come to a close so quickly. My path has been a smooth and enjoyable one, and it is with great sadness that I begin to gather up the ends of my literary education. I know that I will continue to grow and develop as a critical reader/thinker throughout my lifetime, but I will sorrowfully miss the educational structure that has shaped my literary understanding for the last three years. I consider my greatestRead MoreReflective Portfolio Of Skills Development Essay1738 Words   |  7 PagesReflective portfolio of skills development 1. Introduction This report would analyse the skills developed throughout the MA in Personnel and Development Programme in LJMU. The learning process would be contextualised using literature from adult learning theory to analyse and write a critical reflection that demonstrates reporters’ competence in specific areas. Three broad areas would be covered in doing so. Firstly, learning process of self-management (of this report writer) would be explored focusingRead MoreReflextive Journal in Dialogue Form708 Words   |  3 Pagesminutes each time, we were asked to write a reflective journal in dialogue form. Once a journal entry was completed we were to review and reflect on our writing and the journaling experience. The following assignment includes an account of the experience and some â€Å"considerations of how journal writing can help with the development of a qualitative researcher† (Walden University, 2013). When I was younger, before I had children I used to regularly put my thoughts on paper. More accurately, I keptRead MoreEssay on Thomas Hardy1663 Words   |  7 PagesEngland’s greatest writers. This biography describes some of the major details of his life such as his family, his education, and his major works. amp;#9;Thomas Hardy was born in 1840 at the Village of Upper Bochampton. He was the child of a country stonemason. Hardy was the third Thomas of his family. His mother’s maiden name was Jemima Hand and she and her husband led Hardy to have an unusually happy childhood. His early years were a seed-bed to his later creative development. His mother knew what

Ethics And Law Ethics - 1806 Words

Ethics Law When discussing law, one other topic that goes directly with it, is ethics. What is ethics? Ethics can be defined as â€Å"a systematic attempt, through the use of reason, to make sense of our individual and social moral experiences, in such a way as to determine the rules that ought to govern human conduct and values are worth pursuing in life.† Business ethics is a subset of ethics and there are no differences between the two, immoral acts are immoral, no matter who committed them. Personal morals and ethics vary greatly and there are many different ethical theories such as deontology utilitarianism, ethical egoism, and more. These different theories have different views on what is considered moral (right) and immoral (wrong).†¦show more content†¦It can also be called credit life insurance, credit disability or unemployment insurance. Typically, when you obtain the loan, is when you would purchase these plans. PPI usually covers payment for a set time, typically ar ound 12 months. For some loans this could be the entire monthly payment, and when PPI expires, it is up to the consumer to repay the debt. Although in some cases the policy will repay the debt if you are unable to earn income. PPI may not be suitable for everyone, careful assessments of what may happen if you become unemployed should be considered. Many PPI policies are not sought after by many consumers, in many cases, people who did have credit insurance didn’t even know they had in. This led to large miss-selling (called â€Å"packing†) of PPI policies from financial institutions to consumers. During the sale of these policies many commissions based salesman pushed these products, many of the providers of these companies made more on the PPI commission and profit sharing than the interest on the original loan. The reason they were able to sell these policies so effectively is: when consumer came in with financial difficulty they would push PPI policies and say they would increase their chance of getting the loan. Several large companies received large fines for these practices include Capital One, this also led to new legislation being passes to prevent unethical selling involving PPI policies to protect consumers. Since the early

Gay Judgement Free Essays

People are often mislead by word judgement. Judgement is the process of forming an opinion or evaluation by discerning and comparing. Many people in the world today judge for no apparent reason. We will write a custom essay sample on Gay Judgement or any similar topic only for you Order Now They judge because they do not know what to say about a person. Judgement can be passed when one criticizes people based on their clothes,car , and even their sexuality. Judgment on sexuality is the worst type of judgement the saying â€Å" Do not judge a book by it’s cover† can be definitely applied to sexuality bias. People should not be judged based on their sexuality because homosexual have come a long way since the 1950, freedom,acts as the catalyst to unnecessary suicides every year and unfortunately this judgement. Homosexual rights have came a long way since the 1050’s. Homosexual have been fighting the government since the 1950’s starting with the gay right movement. Until 2004 when everything changed. Massachusett declared that banning same-sex marriage was unconstitutional and legalized marriage for same-sex couples. Becoming the first state in the U. S. to do so. Connecticut ,Iowa, Vermont, Maine and New Hampshire all legalized same-sex marriage. Then the California Legislature Approved Gay Marriage,and granted same-sex couples most of the benefits of married couples such as the right to jointly file income tax returns, the right to bring a foreign partner into the United States and right to pass Social Security benefits on to a spouse. So far, more than 30,000 same-sex couples are registered in California as domestic partners. In the beginning the government was unwilling to recognize the rights of homosexual and look at them now they are giving the gays pride and glory while making everyone equal. Freedom was what the world wanted, but not everyone is free. Most homosexual people fight for their freedom because they want to be treated like everyone else. The 14th amendment states in section 1 â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. This states that everyone in the U. S is free. It does not state that gay people cannot be free. Everyone in the United State have their own freedom. Harsh and unfair judgement on homosexuals can lead to suicide. Tyler Clementi, 18, who was studying at Rutgers University, jumped from the George Washington Bridge, after a video of him with another man was posted online. Tyler was a young man who was really talented. People did not have to bully him or post video of him. Tyler was probably a quite guy who did not tell many people about his life. Many people just judge without knowing a person and that is not good. People should not judge a person if he/she does not know the person. Judgement may cause people to go insane. â€Å"Everything that irritates us about others can lead us to an understanding of ourselves. † Everyone should refer to with this quote and when they decide to judge a person remember that they are judging themselves. How to cite Gay Judgement, Papers

The Theory of Multiple Intelligence Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Benefits If Someone has fully Developed Intelligence Skills. Answer: Introduction The theory of multiple intelligences which was developed by Dr. Gardener in 1983 in Harvard University has given that IQ is nothing when we can have the people may be tested on far more levels of intelligence. Everybody is conceived having the seven insights. All things considered, all understudies will come into persons with various arrangements of created insights. This implies that every individual will have his own particular one of a kind arrangement of scholarly qualities and shortcomings. Thus of course there might always be very different sets of multiple intelligences developed in a person. And these might give different benefits to each at organizational level of personal level. The essay discusses about the benefits in detail of the multiple intelligence theories. There can be many learning styles that can be found inside one organization or one human being. Children learn from the childhood at different levels and might have spate skill sets like the example of a dancer. (Gardner Hatch, 1989). For instance, an artist can exceed expectations in his specialty just on the off chance that he/she has 1) in number melodic insight to get to the varieties of the music, 2) relational k nowledge to see how he can really exhibit his/her moves which can make the group of audience so glad and sprightly, and 3) real kinesthetic insight to give him all the nimbleness and developments which makes him a fruitful artist. (Lazear, 1992). For instance, the instructor can recommend that a particularly musically a smart child find out about the progressive war by making up a melody about what happened. This can be personally for a student or any human for that matter. Similarly an employee can logically be very good but not good with intrapersonal skills which might not make him a good team player. (Birchfield et. al, 2008) Middle Rather, Dr. Gardner proposes eight levels of multiple intelligence theory which can be applied on any of the humans. (Gardner, 1983)These are the multiple levels of intelligences which can give so many more notions: Logical-Mathematical Intelligence-- this is where we deal with patterns, numbers and logical thinking. This is way too helpful at the level of organization where you need to work on some onsite challenges which needs immediate logical thinking. Linguistic Intelligence-- this deals with mastery at the language and having your command over it. This is even the reading in between the lines part. This is also to gauge meaning and even remember information easily because you understand the language really well. Spatial Intelligence-- gives one the ability to control and make mental pictures with a particular true objective to handle issues. This insight is not restricted to visual areas this even helps you at the level of organization to remember essential information or look into some. Musical Intelligence-- includes the capacity to perceive and form melodic pitches, tones, and rhythms. This even lets you study the people at the organizational level which lets you understand their mood a lot and thus understand and show some help or sympathy or empathy. (Brothers, 1989). Bodily Kinesthetic Intelligence-- is the ability to use one's mental abilities to sort out one's own significant improvements. Interpersonal intelligence, Intrapersonal intelligence Naturalist intelligence-- incorporate relational insight - the capacity to comprehend and observe the sentiments and expectations of others- - and intrapersonal knowledge - the capacity to comprehend one's own emotions and inspirations. (Fisher Ashkanasy 2000). These two insights are separate from each other. By and by, as a result of their nearby relationship in many societies, they are regularly connected together. All these intelligences actually give a lot of benefits at individual level and as well as at the organizational level. It is vital to have a solid feeling of mindfulness also. For instance, I frequently advise my business understudies to record the employee meet-ups. We tape their practices and prompts and after that play the meeting back for them. I know it is in some cases exceptionally agonizing to watch oneself on video, yet this sort of activity is precious in perceiving the effect of one's own associations with individuals. This is quite useful as far as the part of benefits is considered. Thus this being one of the benefits at the level of organization, if you have all your multiple intelligences developed, it helps you to manage people well and develop their levels efficiently. Maybe you don't know that you gaze vacantly at nothing in particular when you don't have a clue about the response to an intense question, or that you tap your toes when you are anxious, or that you sit amateurishly in a seat, or that your handshake is sodden and limp. This is also because inter and intrapersonal intelligences needs to be developed and thus such intelligences help if developed at the time of interviews. It is certainly organizational as well, because a persona who has an eye for such things will always be able to judge also very better and can be very good at selecting. (SinceBodily-Kinesthetic level is there) Emotional Intelligence insight can't be retained from a book; it should be sustained through practice.(Career advice, 2013) It is one thing to think about the fitting practices and feelings one must display, yet it is totally an alternate mammoth to apply that information in the privilege relevant circumstance. (Thorndike, 1920). One approach to analyze you is through a straightforward test. Here only the benefit of you being Interpersonal intelligence and Naturalist intelligence (Martin, 1995) David Goleman has fantastically made sure that how emotional intelligence models can be used as common concepts for the basis of these intelligence. And EI also helps to refer to the abilities and the basic concepts to regulate our emotions which help us develop our intelligences. The major domains which we talk about are self-awareness, management of self, social awareness and the relationship management domain. (Goleman, 1995a) Some of the benefits at the individual level will be as follows: The intelligences such as inter and intrapersonal intelligence help you to watch how you react to stress and even handle it. (Spectator, 2012) Moreover paying attention to your actions is something it develops very quickly. Paying attention to your actions and the start of an internal dialogue rather than automatically criticizing is also there through nature smart intelligence and makes you intra- smart which is a level of multiple intelligence.(zdemir, 2006) Learn what exactly your intentions are: This can be done if you have few of the intelligences fully developed Constructive ways to deal with negative moods and feelings: If you are your body and feeling smart, as per the Gardners intelligence model, you can achieve a lot in terms of controlling your emotions at the right moment. Be especially mindful of non-verbal correspondence, for example, the tone of your voice, eye contact, and outward appearances Make a round of continually searching for the silver covering and the lessons to be gained from disappointments or troublesome circumstances Listen more than you talk which is also considering intrapersonal intelligence and being environment smart Conclusion Organizations have regularly looked to help understudies build up a feeling of achievement and self-assurance. Through the essay we understood that be it linguistic or mathematical intelligence level, all of them combined to make one set which actually makes sure that a human has fully developed skill set which can help them immensely in their general life. Moreover there can be many learning styles can be found inside one organization or one human being. And the humans learn from the childhood at different levels and might have spate skill sets like the example of a dancer as mentioned above. Everybody is conceived having the seven insights. All things considered, all understudies will come into persons with various arrangements of created insights. This implies that every individual will have his own particular one of a kind arrangement of qualities and shortcomings. Thus of course there might always be very different sets of multiple intelligences developed in a person. And these might give different benefits to each at organizational level of personal level. This essay has discussed that in detail and we can surely ponder on things like how these skill sets can help us individually and correct implementation of multiple intelligence theory. Also as mentioned by David Goleman as well that emotional intelligence is one such intelligence which actually answers a lot of questions when we notice other people. (Davies, et. al, 1998). And these intelligence levels do a lot help in it, if we understand the meaning of each and every intelligence in detail. References Birchfield, D., Thornburg, H., Megowan-Romanowicz, C., Hatton, S., Mechtley, B., Dolgov, I., Burleson, W. (2008). Embodiment, multimodality, and composition: Convergent themes across HCI and education for mixed-reality learning environments. Journal of Advances in Human-Computer Interaction, Volume 2008, Article ID 874563. Brothers, L. (1989). A biological perspective on empathy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(1), 10-19. Career advice (2013) Minding your E's and Q's (https://www.seek.com.au/career-advice/minding-your-es-and-qs) Davies, M., Stankov, L., and Roberts, R.D., (1998) Emotional intelligence: In search of an elusive construct. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(4) 989-1015. Fisher, C. D. Ashkanasy (2000). The emerging role of emotions in work life: an introduction, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21: 123-129. Gardner, H. (1983).Frames of Mind.New York: Basic Book Inc. Gardner, H., Hatch, T. (1989). Multiple intelligences go to school: Educational implications of the theory of multiple intelligences.Educational Researcher,18(8), 4-9. Goleman, D. (1995a). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books. Lazear, David. (1991).Seven ways of teaching: The artistry of teaching with multiple intelligences.Palatine, IL: IRI Skylight Publishing Inc. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 382 374) Lazear, David (1992).Teaching for Multiple Intelligences. Fastback 342Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappan Educational Foundation. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 356 227) https://www.thespec.com/news-story/2154741-minding-your-es-and-qs-at-work/ Martin, W.C. (1995, March).Assessing multiple intelligences.Paper presented at the meeting of the International Conference on Educational Assessment, Ponce, PR. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 385 368) zdemir, P., Gneysu, S., Tekkaya, C. (2006). Enhancing learning through multiple intelligences. Journal of Biological Education, 40(2), 74-78. Spectator, H (2012) Minding your Es and Qs at work. https://www.thespec.com/news-story/2154741-minding-your-es-and-qs-at-work/ Thorndike, E (1920). A constant error in psychological ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4, 25-29.

Accounting Research Concept and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Research for Concept and Practice. Answer: Introduction When it comes to accounting concept and practice, it needs to be note that even the process of income measurement and asset valuation can lead to an issue. The process of valuation becomes more complex in nature when various financial instruments and other income measurement concepts become interlinked. There are various concepts of accounting which when taken into consideration and implemented led to a sound decision. Moreover, it makes the reporting process strong and contains all the desirable information. In short, it can be commented that the presence of accounts is just ensure justification of the decisions that is undertaken. However, it leads to ignorance of the mistakes. Accounting concept Accounting concepts can be termed as the assumptions, and regulations that follow and help in the preparations of the accounts. The term accounting concepts comes to the forefront. The financial statements that are used by the investors, labors, creditors and other governing bodies for assessing the performance and providing an opinion relate that relate to the financial health of the company. Therefore, it is vital that the material information provided in the financial statements, disclosures must be adequate. This leads to transparency and better presentation (Albrecht et. al, 2011). When it relates to the accounting performance beneath the accrual basis, the revenue shown on the income statement and the time it is earn. The same practice is follow by Ramsay Healthcare and is ascertain from the financial report. In the accrual system of accounting, the revenue is match with the expenses that is link to each other. The main impact of accrual system is that it enables the income sta tement to assess the companys profitability during a particular time span (IASB, 2010). Therefore, from the annual report, the profitability of Ramsay clearly ascertained. There are many concepts into practice, but the highlight provided to the noteworthy ones in the annual report. From the annual report of Ramsay healthcare, it is clearly stated that the business enterprise and the owners are two different parties and independent in nature. Therefore, the business, as well as personal transactions differ (Ramsay Health Care, 2015). From the accounting records, it is observe that the dealings are done from the business unit view and not the person. This has helped Ramsay healthcare to ascertain the profit of the business and this concept has led to the elimination of any personal transactions. On the other hand, the money measurement concept state that all transaction of the business should be denominated in money (Brigs, 2013). In the case of health care, it is denominated in dollar. From the annual report, it can be seen that thee revenue for 2015 stands at $7355.5 million and the earnings before interest and tax stood at $803.9 million (Ramsay Healt h Care, 2015). This concept has the peculiarity that the transactions recorded in monetary units not physical units. This concept helps to provide a guidance on what to record and what to not. This has helped to record the transactions of the business in an effective manner. The accounting period is another accounting concept that extracted from the accounts of Ramsay healthcare. The transactions recorded in the books with an assumption that the transactions are ascertain after a particular period. This is the accounting period concept (Horngren, 2013). According to this concept, the preparation of accounts is done and different activities such as profit computation, financial position ascertainment, and evaluation of tax, etc. are done. Further, it remarks that the life of the business divided into parts and in this scenario, one year is consider. As per the annual report, it is seen that all transactions are recorded in the books of accounts for a particular period (Parrino et. al , 2012). Therefore, goods purchased and sold, salaries and rent are accounted for the specific period only. Lastly, the revenue from the transaction of the business is included when realization is done. It means the right to receive money. Realization either happened when goods and services has been sold for cash or credit or even refers to the inflow of assets that happens in the form of receivables. Problem of measurement in the context of AASB/IASB The objective of financial reporting is attained though a proper measurement of the incomes, expenses, assets and liabilities and its disclosure in such a way that the users can make meaningful decision about whether the resources of the company have been utilized effectively or not. It has become of vital importance to disclose all the relevant information so that proper decision taken. Hence, it is imperative that the measurement technique based upon concept that will provide a flawless result. As per the AASB and IASB standards, the group measures financial instruments such as derivatives at fair value. Fair value is the price that is received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability. This happens in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (IASB, 2010). The principal or the most advantageous market that is accessible by the company considered in this case. Such assets classified under Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 based on the fair value hierarchy. As there is no availability of market data therefore, it turns out to be problematic. There are practical difficulties in this measurement due to lack of suitable market data (Ramsay Health Care, 2015). In the case of business combination with Generale de Sante, the fair value of the assets and liabilities recognized based upon the best available information on the reporting date. It needs to be considering that the information is best available and not on an evidence basis, which is fully correct (Ramsay Health Care, 2015). Though due diligence is carried out, the amounts remain formally open and are determined on a provisional basis only. Since the amount is available on a provisional basis, it appears to be of issue. It is claim that upon receipt of the final figures the required retrospective adjustments to the provisional amounts made (IASB, 2010). The amount of goodwill recognized represents the value of synergies that is expected to achieve because of the business combination. Hence, the previous adjustments are not considered, and the effect has not been given, therefore, there is a big gap in the results and needs rectification (Landsman et. al, 2014). The calculation of goodwill is link to few assumptions like budgeted margins, tax rate estimates, discount rate, and growth rate estimates. Thus, these figures are based on assumptions and estimates. However, it needs to ascertain that the figures based on assumptions is misleading, as it does not project the actual result (Leo, 2011). The interest rate swaps and hedging help in the risk management. Measurement of the cost largely depends on the amount of information available. There is subjectivity associated with the same. The other measurement issue is with the estimation of cash flows that might not be a realistic estimate of the future. Issues also arise when the subsequent measurement leads to different results when compared to the initial measurement. The period plays an important role in this case (Melville, 2013). When the measurement technique utilized, it might have provided a different result while in a different scenario or the current condition a different evaluation might have appeared. Thus, it the fair value based measurement and cost-based measurement are all based on a few assumptions and this can be concluded to be the drawback of the measurement requirements as per AASB / IASB. Relevance and Representational faithfulness Relevance is a vital feature that is qualitative in nature. To be relevant, it is important that the information should have the skill of providing a difference in the decision-making capability by enabling them to assess the influence of past and present events on the cash inflow of the future even if the data is not utilized. Moreover, faithful representation of the occurrences that pertains to the real scenario is evens a qualitative feature. Representations are faithful in nature; there is an agreement between that of the description provided by the accounting and evaluates the financial report and the happening to which they belong to (Libby et. al, 2011). This can happen only when the features and descriptions are verifiable in nature and measurement done in a neutral manner. Hence, faithful representation, even needs completeness not subordinating matter to form, verifiability, neutrality, etc. however, both relevance, as well as faithfulness are vital characteristics. Both re levance, as well as faithful representation needs to be present and are equally important. These are contained in the report of Ramsay Health Care. An apt example from the annual report is that of the internally developed intangible assets. From the current conceptual theory it can be stated that AASB came to the decision making body due to single attribute of the management the fair value of the asset that arisen from the research and development skills would come under relevancy but not verifiable and hence it cannot be represented in a faithful manner (Williams, 2012). One of the sub-qualities in faithful representation, completeness, and not assessable on any particular item is seen in the annual report. Recommendation When it comes to the process of standard setting, it needs to be noted that the unavailability of standards should start with the evaluation of the real world economic happening. Therefore, it is important to note that the standards to be followed in a proper manner that will lead to immense benefit in terms of reporting. When the reporting will be strong, it will ultimately lead to strong results. Hence, the items should happen in a systematic manner and once it is done, it leads to better results as a well-defined routine is followed. Conclusion The above discussion clearly signifies that the negotiation of the numbers can be done to present a better picture. Hence, it is important for the management to ensure that the accounting concepts should be strong so that there is less room for error. There are various accounting concepts and theories which when taken into consideration leads to positive results (Kaplan, 2011). In short, it can be said that the presence of concept make the report effective and the shareholders can articulate their views. Accounting concepts need a follow up in precision that leads to a favorable result. Further, there are certain measurement problems that indicated clearly in the above report (Graham Smart, 2012). The project clearly states that there are certain measurement practices that are not in tune with the issues of measurement and hence remains unsettled. It is to be noted that there are various standards that project more or less arbitrary mixed compromises of measurement and have a pendin g resolution. The annual report of Ramsay Healthcare indicates the same. References Albrecht, W., Stice, E. and Stice, J. (2011). Financial accounting. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Brigs, A. (2013).Financial reporting analysis. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Graham, J. Smart, S. (2012). Introduction to corporate finance. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Horngren, C. (2013). Financial accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. IASB. (2010). The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting, retrieved September 4 2016 from https://eifrs.ifrs.org International Accounting Standards Board. (2010). Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting, retrieved September 2, 2016 from https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/Oct_2010_AP_9.3_Conceptual_Framework_Financial_Reporting_2010.pdf Kaplan, R.S. (2011). Accounting scholarship that advances professional knowledge and practice. The Accounting Review, 86(2), 367383. Landsman, W. R., Maydew, E. L., Thornock, J. R. (2014). The information content of annual earnings announcements and mandatory adoption of IFRS. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 53, 34-54. Leo, K. J. (2011). Company Accounting. Boston:McGraw Hill Libby, R., Libby, P. and Short, D. (2011). Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Melville, A (2013). International Financial Reporting A Practical Guide. Pearson, Education Limited, UK Parrino, R., Kidwell, D. Bates, T. (2012). Fundamentals of corporate finance. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Ramsay Health Care. (2015). Ramsay Health Care Annual Report and accounts 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2016, from https://www.ramsayhealth.com/Investors/Annual%20and%20Financial%20Reports Williams, J. (2012).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Pathogens free essay sample

Analyse Barry Turners ideas on Pathogens and critically evaluate how pathogens could lead to a large scale disaster. In your discussion you are encouraged to investigate the thoughts of other leading authors on root cause analysis and how these compare and contrast to Turner’s ideas. (2996 words, including diagrams). In the course of this paper I will assess Barry Turner’s ideas on pathogens in his manmade disaster model, whilst evaluating its practical relevance compared to root cause analysis, using historical events to provide context and support my conclusions. Much of our contemporary basis for disasters having a social, as well as technical origin was precipitated by the ‘man-made disaster model’ of Barry Turner (Turner, 1978; Turner, 1994; Turner and Pidgeon, 1997). His work stipulated the presence of a social factor inherent in accidents, generally due to the complex nature of their harboring systems. This work has since been built upon in both US and European contexts (Vaughan, 1990; Toft and Reynolds, 1997), two of such developments being Perrow’s (1984) normal accident theory and Reason’s (1990) Swiss cheese model. We will write a custom essay sample on Pathogens or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This body of literature and its subjective approach to identifying risks are often said to adopt a ‘socio-technical’ systems view. Crucially this lens of system design and management recognises the need to broadly consider both the technical and social factors at play in disasters (Cherns, 1987), in contrast to objective methods which are deemed to overlook the ‘socio’ element. As such, those concerned with maintaining control within their organisation must consider three channels of control: both managerial and administrative as well as technical (? gure 1). (? ure 1) Essential to the socio-technical framework is recognition that conditions for disaster do not arise overnight but instead â€Å"accumulate over a period of time† during an incubation period (Turner and Pidgeon, 1997, p. 72). In this time a con? uence of preconditions known as Pathogens interact with one another. It is important to now highlight two distinct features of socio-technical a nalysis. Firstly, it is the accumulation and interaction of such pathogens which foster disaster, when each independently is unlikely to result in a similarly extreme outcome. Secondly and of similar importance is the axiom that disasters are a â€Å"signi? cant disruption or collapse of the existing cultural beliefs and norms about hazards† (Pidgeon and O’Leary, 2000, p. 16). Synthesising these two points then, such incubation periods occur when a series of small events, discrepant with the existing organisational norms occur and accumulate unnoticed. Disasters are then precipitated by a trigger event, which, in light of the build up of pathogens to a critical level leads to a catastrophe. In his paper, Turner (1994) identi? s two distinct trends which can be seen as symptomatic of pathogen build up in complex systems; sloppy management and unsound system design, both of which we will now explore. Within the umbrella issue of poor management I have collected Turner’s thoughts and identi? ed speci? c precondition enablers. Fore-mostly is the issue of information mis-use, but speci? cally information asymmetries. Such asymmetries might arise when individuals throughout the hierarchy fail to pass on and reveal information, whether deliberately or otherwise, whilst often the information is mistakenly passed to those who cannot effectively use it. Importantly, there are also cases of deliberate disregard for information as we will see shortly. Signi? cantly this information issue is enhanced as often it cannot be readily identi? ed. Agents operating within the environment believe it is normal and acceptable for such a ‘degraded state’ to prevail (Weir, 1991). If this is the case, it precludes the possibility of pre-condition neutralisation, as it becomes impossible to recognise the behavior as divergent, as it is no longer discrepant with the organisational norm. Turner (1994) goes on to postulate that an ef? ient operating state of information cannot in-fact exist, as the balance it calls for is impossible to reach. Surely, whilst too little information fosters the so called ‘degraded environment’, we could envisage that too much information would result in equal, if not greater inef? ciencies due to a saturated environment underpinned by the bounded rationality of agents within the system. Concurren tly, we ? nd certain system structures which are known to be particularly susceptible to this dif? culty. The literature has often spoken of the dif? ulties that can arise through information friction and overload where we ? nd hierarchal rigidity, such as a bureaucracy (Simon, 1947), with alarming information failures in the FBI, DOJ and CIA preceding the 9/11 attacks (Kramer, 2005). Similarly, such in? exible structures are prone to the phenomenon of ‘groupthink’ (Janis, 1982). Here the authority commanded by management allows them to not only enforce their unrealistic views upon surrounding agents, but to ensure agents are brought in beneath them who are like-minded, ensuring that the issue is systemic. The second trend identi? ed is system properties. In such cases, as the complexity of technology systems becomes increasingly developed, there is the possibility of disasters occurring due to unforeseen interactions. This theory was developed by Perrow (1984) in response to the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island and their elimination can only be achieved through system reengineering (Turner and Toft (1988)). Such actions should be focused on moving away from tightly coupled, interdependent elements, as evidenced in serious E-Coli outbreaks caused by the spread of infected meat through the standard food distribution network (Pidgeon and O’Leary (2000)). Support in the literature which calls for the broad scope of socio-technical theory is notable. According to two papers cited by Turner (1994), 70-80% of all disasters are precipitated by a social – administrative and managerial – fault, with subsequent public enquiries proposing a similar percentage of changes in such social contexts (Drogaris, 1991; Turner and Toft, 1988). Similarly, a study by Blockley (1980) found that in the case of 84 technical failures, greater attention had to be paid to both political and organisational conditions which were deemed to foster human error (alluding to the aforementioned institutional norms). He found that technical failures were underpinned by managerial and administrative frailties such as engineers who were fully aware of technical issues but failed to report them. Also, though such complex systems are inevitably unique, the previously outlined pattern of failure is one which is found time and again in disasters around the world. To illustrate this pattern, I have constructed a chain of causality which appropriately contextualises Turner’s (1994) model using the Bhopal chemical leak (? ure 2). (? gure 2) By employing a socio-technical systems view, dangerous gaps were uncovered in the safety culture and environmental awareness not only at the plant, but throughout increasingly industrialised, developing economies (Broughton, 2005). Such problems are not isolated to developing nations however; another disaster which was scrutinised heavily occurred in January of 1986, when the space-shuttle Challenger exploded 73 seconds after take-off. Similarly to the Bhopal chemical incident, concerns were expressed prior to the disaster however a fundamentally different method of ad-hoc analysis was used in the Presidential investigation that followed. Traditionally, accidents had been viewed in a linear, two dimensional fashion where each failure is linked in a sequential chain (Qureshi, 2008). One such method of assessment is root cause analysis (RCA), which seeks to identify the primary element in the chain and was chosen by the Challenger investigative body. Such an approach seems a reasonable and logical response when it is inherent in human nature to search for â€Å"simple technical solutions as a panacea’ (Elliott Smith, 1993, p. 226). In most cases, stakeholders primarily look for a simple explanation to help them understand the issue, often to assess liability. According to the RCA literature, once this root cause has correctly been identi? ed, through corrective action the issue should be resolved and will consequently not occur again. In light of the events of the Challenger disaster, both machine and human loss including a civilian, the public and government need to identify a ‘root cause’ seems understandable, particularly when the circumstances of the disaster point to a technical fault. The investigation concluded, relying heavily on the video-evidence available from over 200 cameras, that a failure in the o-ring seal in the right solid-rocket-booster caused the explosion, having been rendered ineffective due to the cold weather. Through my own investigation and that of others however, such ? dings seem to grossly oversimplify the events that lead up to the disaster. Roger Boisjoly, an engineer employed at booster manufacturer Morton Thiokol already knew of the technical shortcomings, in fact expressing concerns speci? cally of the shuttle exploding (Seconds From Disaster, 2007). He made two efforts to make senior of? cials aware prior to launch: initially writing a memo to Thiokol managers six mo nths in advance, ? nally arranging a teleconference the night before the ill-fated voyage in an increasingly desperate attempt. The outcome of the conference had little effect in the wake of heavy resistance from NASA representatives such as Lawrence Mulloy, head of rocket booster technology. Incredibly, this resistance came even in the face of photographic evidence of the o-ring cold weather liability, from recovered boosters from a Discovery launch in similar weather a year earlier. In an independent investigation author James Chiles uncovered further issues which could have been readily identi? ed with a more fastidious safety culture (Seconds From Disaster, 2007). Having made it through the initial launch phase, Chiles postulates that the o-ring rupture would not in-fact have proved fatal as the fuel’s aluminium additive resealed the leak after launch. It was only when Challenger passed through a violent jet-stream (winds of over 300 kilometers per hour) that this makeshift seal was re-opened, causing the explosion. The existence of this jet-stream could easily have been identi? ed as a commercial airliner, passing through the launch area half an hour earlier had already reported it and it subsequently showed up on Challengers ? nal telemetry. It was overlooked however when NASA weather balloons, which had in-fact drifted away from the launch area, reported nominal conditions. Attributing the disaster to the o-ring failure alone is to apply a narrow-minded view to the issue and might have ultimately done more harm than good. In the subsequent investigation into the Columbia disaster years later, the investigation found NASA liable by not having reconciled the organisational safety philosophy in the wake of Challenger. Indeed, Morton Thiokol went on to supply the new shuttle boosters and Lawrence Mulloy was made head of all propulsion systems at NASA. Following the Columbia reentry disaster years later it was stated, â€Å"the foam debris hit was not the single cause of the Columbia accident, just as the failure of the joint seal that permitted O-ring erosion was not the single cause of Challenger. Both Columbia and Challenger were lost also because of the failure of NASA? s organisational system† (Columbia Accident Investigation Board, 2003, p. 195). Similarly telling was an independent investigation conducted by Nobel Prize winning physicist Richard Feynman. His observations of the Challenger disaster at no point mention the o-ring but instead focused on the failings in NASA management (Lentz, 1996). Feynman’s ? ndings were relegated to the appendix of the investigation report. Lessons were not learned, and it is my belief that the elementary nature of the ? ndings, emphasising a technical fault over obvious gross mis-management were at least partially to blame for what followed. The weaknesses of RCA become clear then, particularly in light of industry developments since the 20th century with system complexity becoming commonplace. Importantly, Hollnagel (2004) notes that particular industries that are problematic for such analysis are aviation, aerospace, telecommunications, power production (nuclear particularly) and healthcare. I believe what makes these distinct, is not just their highly technological systems, but the high degree of human autonomy found in these industries. RCA is also undone in the context of complex systems due to its sequential view of events as following one another, ensuring it can’t tackle bidirectional causality (e. g. competitor response to marketing initiatives (Okes, 2009)). Looking at the Bhopal and NASA examples, it’s clear to see that such systems require an epidemiological approach and perspective, as whilst the factors and preconditions can be viewed chronologically, importantly it’s not because of such a chronological manner the disaster occurred. Whilst we could conduct multiple RCA’s to identify multiple root elements, there is little consensus on how to aggregate such ? ndings and implement appropriate solutions. This is of particular issue in the healthcare industry which relies heavily upon RCA (Root cause analysis, 2012). It is my belief this over-reliance on a limited tool is due to the common need to place liability in the wake of healthcare accidents, to assess potential legal action and remuneration. Further issues are it’s inability to effectively tackle human errors such as sloppy management, and the tools limitation to its users bounded rationality and knowledge: RCA is not able to expand its users understanding beyond incumbent mental faculties. The alignment of disasters explored with Turner’s (1994) model are evident. In the Challenger case particularly, we see how it was the interaction of mis-management (not utilising critical information), high wind conditions as-well as the technical o-ring de? ciencies which combined to cause disaster. According to Chiles (Seconds from Disaster, 2007), if you were to remove the high-altitude jet-stream, the aluminium seal may not have shaken loose and the shuttle may have continued unharmed. This supports our earlier axiom of pathogen interaction as necessary for disaster. Following the events at Hillsborough, the Archbishop of York Dr. John Habgood, speaking at the memorial said â€Å"events of the magnitude of Hillsborough don’t usually happen just for one single reason, nor is it usually possible to pin the blame on one single scapegoat Disasters happen because a whole series of mistakes, misjudgments and mischances happen to come together in a deadly combination† (Taylor, 1989, p. 20). Indeed, public inquiries following con? rmed as much. The examples explored perfectly illustrate both the broad nature of preconditions – technical and human – in provenance, as well as the existence of an incubation period. As such, they lend credibility to socio-technical theory as a descriptive tool. At the same time I believe its strengths go beyond post-hoc analysis, being ideal for usage as a prescriptive form of risk assessment and systems design. Recent developments in literature have focused in this area by learning from highly reliable organisations (HRO’s). Remedial measures include incident learning systems (illustrated in ? gure 3 overleaf), the promotion of organisational learning and reevaluation of institution culture in order to realign and rede? e the norms (Carnes, 2011; Reiman, 2007), as done in the US Nuclear Power Industry. Pidgeon (2012) similarly promotes organisational learning alongside senior management commitment to safety, shared care and concern for hazards and a recognition of their impact, as-well as realistic and ? exible norms and rules about hazards. Empirical evaluation by Rognin, Salembier and Zouinar (1998) utilising a complex systems approach have also explor ed the aviation industry, recognizing their use of mutual awareness, mutual monitoring and communication as preventative tools toward a Pathogenic environment. These prescriptions are all highly congruent with one another, adding weight to their applicability for research based management. (? gure 3. Cooke and Rohleder (2006)) This having been said, RCA does have its place amongst certain post-hoc analysis. Many different forms exist and have been employed with great effectiveness in non complex systems which are isolated from a human factor. Two distinct examples are Toyota’s development of the iterative ‘? ve-whys’ method (Bodek, 1988) in tandem with Ishikawa diagrams (1968). This example is a staple tool in the Toyota production process and required learning during employee induction. An example of it’s usage is illustrated in ? gure 4. However, I postulate Toyota’s success with RCA is due to the automated nature of system design in their production process and the lack of human autonomy found in their plants, as opposed to alluding to any great power in the framework. (? gure 4. Ohno (2006)) To summarize, assessing the two models and addressing them as mutually exclusive concepts, RCA clearly has merits when applied to purely technical systems and failings. Whilst there is some literature which maintains the two are not such exclusive methodologies, this has been beyond the scope of my analysis. Once we begin to look at increasingly complex systems, RCA clearly becomes unsuitable. Socio-technical theory in contrast has considerably greater scope as both a descriptive and prescriptive tool. As such, it is my ? rm belief that in a world of increasing complexity, with ? rms heavily investing in the design of more complex systems facilitated by greater computing capabilities, root-cause analysis is at best a foundation tool. Often it is likely to be insuf? cient to identify an appropriate cause and even when it can, further investigation should be employed using a systems view which accommodates complexity in order to rescribe suitable changes. As such, in the coming weeks, I would expect the investigation into the Texas fertilizer plant explosion to go considerably beyond RCA in its analysis, though using it initially to satisfy the public need for a quick answer in the wake of such human loss.